UPARASA VARGA

 UPARASA

 Name of Uparasa

1. Gandhaka

2. Gairika

3. Kasisa

4. Kankshi /sphatika

5. Haratala

6. Manhshila

7. Anjana

8. Kankushtha

1 Gandhaka / Sulphur

Vernacular name

Sanskrit              Gandhaka

Hindi                   Gandhak

English                 Sulphur

Chemical formula     S

Physical properties

Melting point       112℃ to 120 ℃

Boiling point        440℃

Hardness              1.5 to 2.5

Specific gravity        1.9-2.1

Appearance

Pita varna (yellow coloured) sukapiccha yellowish color.

Maniba krita (crystal form)

kathina Dravya (hard)

Snigdha (smooth)  

Synonyms

AtiGandh, gouripushp, Gandhpashan, sogandhik, rasagandh, putigandh,

Bali, Navneet, keet-ghan, pamari, shulbari, Daityendr.

History

According to rasa-granthas 1st its origin was happened during smundarmanthana at ksheersagar along with amrita origin.

2nd thing its origin from menstrual blood of Devi Parvati (‘‘DEVYA RAJO BHVED GANDHO,,)

Origin places

Sulphur occure in its elemental forms specilly near the volcanic mountains and hot-springs.

Sicily (Italy), USA, Texas, Japan, Chile,  

And it is also occurred in its compound form like sulphide and sulphate

Cinnabar /Red sulphide of mercury (hingula)

Calcium sulphate

Magnesium sulphate

Ferrous sulphate (kasisa)

Couper sulphate (sasyaka)

Iron pyrite (vimal)

 Arsenic bisulphide/Realgar (mansheela)

 Arsenic trisulphide/orpiment (hartal)

Zinc sulphide

Led sulphide

Apart from this it is also occur into plant origin like onion, garlic, radish, mustard seed etc.

Bhed /Varrietirs/ types

 Shodhana of gandhaka

पयःस्वत्नो " घटीमात्रं वारिधौतो हि गन्यकः । गव्याज्य विह्रतो वखाद् गलितः शुब्धिमृच्छति ।। (र.र.स.३२०)

Procedure

1. Gandhaka is finely powdered in Mortar & pestle.

2. It is taken in the Goghrita stainless steel pan and heated over Angarkoshti.

3. The melted Gandhaka is filtered through a cloth into a vessel containing   Godugdha.

4. Solid slab of Sulphur is obtained. It is then taken out, washed with hot water, dried & powdered.

Repeat this process 7 time to remove the impurities completely

And pale-yellow coloured gandhaka will obtain.

Pharmacological properties

Rasa - Katu, Tikta, Kashaya,

Guna-              Ushna,

Karma     Dipana, Pachana, Vishahara, Krimihara, Rasayana, Kaphavatahara.

Matra 120 mg-960 mg

Anupana Milk

Uses-Kandu, Kustha, Visarpa, Amadosha, Krimi, Pleeha

Pramukha yogas

Rasa Parpati                                     Vijaybhairvrasa                       

Gandhak Druti                             Hansa Potali

Gandhak Rasayna                        Swarna Potali

Rasasindura                                 Sobhagya Vati

Makardhwaja                               Trisunder Rasa

Jayamangal Rasa                          Kajjali

Gandhak Vati                                Punchamrita Parpati

Kankasundar Rasa                        Gandhak Taila

Laoh Parpati                                     SmirPnnag Rasa

Pathya and apthya during gandhaka sevna

Pathya: godugdh (milk), goghrita(clearify butter), gehu (wheat), saindhva lavana (rock salt), mishri (rock/sugar candy), sheetal jala (normal water)

Apthya: Ati lavana (access salt), amala (sour), katu(spicy), patr saak (leafy vegitables)

2.Gairika/Ochre/Haematite

  Vernacular name

Sanskrit         Gairika:

Hindi              Gairika/geru

English            Ochre/Haematite

Chemical name   ferric oxide (Fe2O3) Red oxide of Iron

Physical properties

Specific gravity      4.5 to 5

Hardness             5.5 to 6.5

Appearance 

Red coloured muddy like material, some time it is in granular form and some time it is in crystal form.

Synonyms

Gaireya, Girimritika, Raktadhatu, Lohadhatu, Girimridbhav, Girija

History

Its use as chikitisa / therapeutic purposes occur in Samhita kala and it is explained into rasa-granthas too.

Origin

Maximum part of India like Bihar, Karnataka, Adhra Pradesh, Orissa

North America, Australia, Brazil, South Africa.

Bheda/varieties

 Significance term for Swarna Gairika

Its term Swarna added to this mineral is to indicate its brilliant red color

Or it’s used by goldsmith to making the gold shiny and bright.

Grahya swrupa /Acceptable variety

Deep Red coloured, soft, and smooth

Gairika shodhana

There are two methods of shodhana

1 acc. RRS

1. Convert the Gairika into fine powder.

2. Then triturate this churna into the kharla yantra by levigating it with milk.

3. After one bhavna of milk to gairika keep it for dry into sun light. Make sure its proper drying, otherwise due to milk fungus can grow. For reducing the chance of fungus growth proper drying is mandatory.

2. acc. A.P (Ayurved Prakasha)

1. Convert the Gairika into fine powder.

2. Then take 1/4th to 1/8th parts of cow’s ghee and roasted the powder of gairika into the low flame. And it will get purified.

Satvapatna

No need to its satwapatna according to acharya nandi

But acc. To prof. D.A Kulkarni iron may be obtained from its satva which would be greater than normal iron.

Pharmacological properties

Rasa                 Madhur, kshaya

Guna                   snigdha, sheeta

Virya                   sheeta

Karma                 chak-shushya, Rakt-stambhaka

Therapeutic uses

Rakt-pitta, hikka, vamana, visha vikara, kandu, udar roga,

Anaemia, menorrhagia, external use in the form of ointment promotes the wound healing.

Matra

2 to 4 ratti (250 to 500 mg)

Pramukh yogas

Irimedadi taila

 Jatyadi taila

Pradantak loh

Jwarankushrasa

Somghrita

Gairikadhya taila

3.Kasisa/Green vitriol

Vernacular name

Sanskrit                   kasisam

Hindi                         kasis

English                         Green vitriol        

Chemical name       Ferrous Sulphate

Synonyms

Kashishak,  kasis,  pushp-kasis,  panshuk, dhatukasis, khechar, khag

Physical properties    

Hardness                   2 

Specific gravity         1.8-1.9       

Appearance

It is a Hrit varna (green colour) mani-akriti (crystal type) material.

History

Its use mentioned in Charka Samhita as therapeutic use and in present time 100 above yogas are prevalent. And it was also used as an ink to write.

Origin

Bihar, Germany, Sweden, Spain, USA,

Moreover, it is artificially available.

Bheda/ types

In RSS two varieties are mentioned baluka kasisa and pushpa kasisa.

In the local market it is available in the form of granular big green coloured pieces.

It is Baluka like granular, named as baluka kasis, also known as dhatu kasis or pashunkasis

In the open air it converts into yellow coloured powder known as pushap kasis

Shodhana

Ayurved Prakash and rasatarangini mentioned

By swedna method dipping of kasisa into bhringraja swarasa inside dolayantra . continue boiling for 3 prahar /9hr 

Another method is levigation of kasisa with nimbu swarasa for 1 and dry it into sulight.

Marna

Purified kasisa is powdered and triturate with the juice of leaves of snuhi

 (Euphorbia Nerifolia) for 7 times. Then Chakrikas are prepared and dried.

And sealed into the srawsamputa, after that subjected to laghuputa. This procedure continued till kasisa loses its acid nature. then red coloured Bhasma will obtain.

Satvapatana

By triturating with kshara and amliya drvya and give the tivra agni

Pharmacological action

Rasa         amla, kshaya

Guna        snigdha

Virya        ushna

Karma      balya, netrya, keseranjana, artavanjana vataslesmhara

 Matra:    60 to 240 mg / 1/2 ratti to 2 ratti

Anupana

Honey and ghrit

Therapeutic indications

Pandu, pliha roga, kandu, mutrakrcha, Asmari

Pramukha yoga

Kasisadi gutika

Kasisadhya taila

Rajapravartani vati

Loha rasayna

4.Kankshi/Alum

Vernacular name

Sanskrit                    Sphatika, kankshi

Hindi                     phitkari

English                  Alum, potashalum

Chemical name     K2SO4 Al2(SO4) 24H2O (aluminium potassium  Sulphate Dodeca-hydrate)  

Synonyms

Sourashtri, tuvari, Shubhra, Rangda, pitika, sphatikari, phatika.

Physical properties

Specific gravity       1.75- 2.6

Hardness                  3.4 to 5

Melting point           92 degree calcious

Appearance

Alum is a white crystalline solid having an astringent taste. It is readily soluble in water.

History

In charka Samhita and rasa granthas mentioned about kankshi.

Origin

The main source of Alum in India is Sourarashtra and other sources are Punjab,bihar,goa,uttar Pradesh

Bheda/ types

 Grahya /acceptable variety:

Ishpeet varna, bharyukta, snigdha, this is the best for rognashaka .

Shodhana

By soaking of alum into small quantity of kanji/gruel for 3 days after three days it becomes shudha.

Take coarse powder of the alum into earthen or iron griddle /wok. now place the alum containing wok or griddle over the heat. Give the heat till whole water part of alum evaporated. At the end light weighted white coloured material will appear that is shudha alum.

Marna

Enclose the alum into shravsamputa and give the one agni of laghuputa

Maran will complete and white coloured bhsma will obtain.

Satvapatana

By triturating with kshara and amliya drvya and give the tivra agni

 Matra/Dose    2 to 5 ratti (240mg to 480mg)

Anupaan               sarkara

Pharmacological actions

Rasa            kasahya, amla, madura

Guna           guru,snigdha

Virya           ushana

Karma         vranaroya, grahi, keshya, kanthya

 Therapeutic indications

Raktastambhak, mukharognashka, netra roga, vishghana, kushthhara

 Pramukh yogas / formulations

Eladi mantha

Garuda-anjana

Chatuh-sudharasa

Visakalpa

Dravkorasa

Visakalpa

Shankha-drava

5.Haratal/Orpiment

Vernacular name

Sanskrit               haritalam                 

Hindi                    hartal                   

English                 orpiment/ Arsenical gold/yellow arsenic                

Chemical name/formula AS2S3 trisulphide of Arsenic   

Synonyms

Taal, vidalaka, hritala, chitr-gandhaka, talaka, nat-mandaka, shail-bhushnam, vansh-patraka

Physical properties

Specific gravity         3.5            

Hardness               1.5 to 2  

Melting point           300 to 325 degree calcious      

Appearance 

Bright Yellow coloured, soft and crystalline material which possess the mass 

History

In charka Samhita, Sushrut samhita and rasa granthas mentioned about haratala

Origin

Artificially and originally occurs. Along with realgar mines it occurs too.

USA, Peru, Hungry, Italy, iran

In India, it is found in small quantity at kashmir and darjling

Bheda/ types

Patra-haratala (uttum)

Pinda-haratala (adhum)

Patra-haratala (uttum)

It contains the layers and it is brightening yellow coloured, heavy and useful for rasayna karma

Pinda-haratala (adhum)

The pinda haratala is massive and without layers has less potency. It has lesser qualities than patra hartala.

Grahya /acceptable variety;

 patra haratala is the grahya swrupa of hartala

Shodhana

Kushmand swarasa, tilkshara jala, churnodka, nimbuswarasa and kanji

Take any liquid from mentioned above and boil the haratala for 3 hrs in dolayantra.

Marna

Take equal quantity of Shudha hartal powder and mukta bhusma into the khalva yntra

then levigate this mixture with kumari swarasa.

Further make the Chakrika and enclose it into srava samputa , after that subject it into laghuputa agni

Matra/Dose

1/4th to ½  ratti        

Anupaan

Gduchi Kashaya, honey, grita          

Pharmacological actions

Rasa                    katu, tikta, kshaya         

Guna                   snigdha, guru    

Virya                    ushna       

Karma           Sleshmaroga hara, Saktadosha hara,Vatahara,Vishahara

Therapeutic indications

Raktapitta, vata roga, rakta kushtha ,kandu, dadru, pama, jwara,

Pramukh yogas / formulations

Kasturibhairva rasa

Talkeshwar rasa

Talsindura

Smirpnnag rasa

6.Manshila/Realgar

Vernacular name

Sanskrit    manhshila          

Hindi         mainshila            

English      Realgar               

Chemical name   AS2S2 disulphide of Arsenic      

Synonyms

Roga-shila, Shila, nepalika, rasa-netrika, mnogupta, naga-mata

Physical properties

Specific gravity       1.4 to 2      

Hardness                      3.5      

Melting point               308 to 320 degree calcious

Appearance

It is red to orange yellow coloured substance, shiny and slightly heavy

History

In charka Samhita and rasa granthas mentioned about manshila.

Origin

China, spain, Greece, india (kumaun hill ranges /uttrakhand)

Bheda/ types

3 bheda of manshila

Grahya /acceptable variety;

Shyamangi is the best variety to be use.

Shodhana

• Agtsya patra swarasa 7 bhavna

• Bijaora nimbu swarasa 7 bhavna

•  By dipping of manashila for 3 days into Chuna yukta jala

 Satvapatana

1 part of manshila, 1/8th parts of mandura,guda,guggul,ghrita ground well. then take this mixture into the musha and place into tivragni. And arsenic as a satwa will obtain.

Matra/Dose

15 to 30 mg

Pharmacological actions

Rasa         tikta, katu     

Guna        snigdha,ushna,guru 

Virya        ushna            

Karma       rasayna, lekhniya, vishagna 

Therapeutic indications

Swasa, Kasa, Jwara, Kadu, Kustha and agnimandya.

Pramukh yogas / formulations

Swaskuthar rasa

Trilokyachintamani rasa

Rasraja rasa

Kshyakesri rasa

Manshiladi dhum

7.Kankustha/Ruhbarb

Vernacular name

Sanskrit      Kankustham          

Hindi           Kankusth     

English         Ruhbarb        

Chemical name/ Botanical name Garcinia Morella  

Synonyms        Kolbaluka, Kakakankustha, Taalkustha, Rangdayaka,  

                           Kechaka, Vrang, Virang, Swarnkshiriniryasa, Hemvati.

 Appearance

It is a rasin of the tree reddish to yellow coloured odourless

History

It is a sandigdha drvya (controversial),

For example:

Origin

Native of Himalayan region 

Bheda/ types

Two types

 Grahya /acceptable variety; nallika kankustha

Shodhana: by giving the bhavana with sunthi decoction

Matra/Dose   1/4th ratti (30 mg)

Anupaan   shunthi , jeerka, gajpippli 

Antidot       use the babul mool kwatha and jeera or tankana prakshepa in equal  quanty  

 Pharmacological actions

Rasa     tikta, kshaya         

Guna     ushna and tikshana  

Virya      ushna

Karma     Atirechana (drastic purgative)   

 Therapeutic indications

Arsha, vrana, pliharoga, Udavartha.

Pramukh yogas / formulations

Dhanvantri ghrita

Dhanvantri rasa

Shothodrari rasa

Mritsanjivani rasa

Udvarthara grita

Jyotishman rasa

8.ANJANA

Vernacular name

Sanskrita        anjanam

Hindi              Anjana

English          collyrium

Synonyms /paryaya

Mechaka

Lochaka

History

In charaka Samhita and sushruta Samhita it is popular with name

Anjana,strotoanjana, soviranjan,rasanjan,pushpanjan

Origin/praptisthana /Utpatti

Acc. To Rasa-kamdhenu its origin from mountains and rivers.

In present time its origin as natural form and artificially both are occurring.

 Bheda ( rasendra chudamani, R.R.S)

1. srotoanjana, (Dhumra,pandu and sweta varna)

2. soviranjan, (bluish red)

3. rasanjan, (pita varna)

4. Pushpanjan (sweta varna)

5. Nilanjana (neel varna

Srotoanjana and soviryanjana 

Both types having same chemical composition. both are stibnite (Sb)or antimony trisulphide Sb2S3. And another significance features are also same.

Both are antimony’s ores (sulphide of antimony)

Srotoanjana is available in the form of ant-hill. The broken surface has the tinge of blue. If it is rubbed, leaves the reddish marks. Resemble the gairika colour.

Paryaya

Strotaj, yamuneya,yamun

Soviryanjana is said to be it is a variety of srotoanana, only colour and physical properties are described. It is sweta, Dhumra, or pandu varna.

Paryaya

Souvira, suviraja, krishnanjana, kalanjana.  

Stibnite

Physical properties/appearance

Colour                  Gray with blue tinge also silvery white

 Shape              Crystal form pyramidical terminals

Hardness               2

Specific gravity     4.5 to 4.6

Streak                 Gray

According to classical text streak is mentioned Garika sadrisha, but in actual it is Gray.

Origin: UK, USA, North America, France, China, Japan

            In India Bihar, A.P, Punjab.

Shodhana

Both the Anjanas are shoudhita by the swedna vidhi by using the triphala kwatha and bhringraja juice.

 Pharmacological actions   

Both Srotoanjana and soviryanjana having same gunas.

Rasa        Madhura, Kashaya

Guna        snigdha  

Virya        shita   

Karma     Tridoshghana , lekhniya, netrya, grahi,keshya.

Therapeutic indications

Visharoga, karnaroga,vaman, hikka,raktpita.

Nilanjana

It is containing 81.6% lead and 13.4 Sulphur.

Vernacular name

Sanskrit               pushpanjanam                  

Hindi                     pushpanjan

English                  Galena

Chemical name     Lead sulphide PbS

Synonyms                Shakarbhumij, Suvarnghana, Loham-ardavkara

 Physical properties/appearance

Colour                  led Gray with blue tinge.

 Shape               Cubic Crystal

Hardness               2.5

Specific gravity     7.4 to 7S.6

Streak                 lead Gray

 Origin: Mayanmar, USA, Australia,UK

            In India Bihar, A.P, Punjab,J&K,Tamilnadu,Rajsthan

 Shodhana

The powder of Nilanjana is levigate by the jambiri nimbu swarasa & dried under the sun for whole day.

 Pharmacological actions   

Rasa        Madhura, Kashaya

Guna       guru, snigdha  

Virya        shita   

Karma     Tridoshhara , rasayana, netrya,

It is useful for the marna of the metals

Pushpanjana

 Vernacular name

Sanskrit               pushpanjanam                  

Hindi                     pushpanjan

English                       zinc white

Chemical name     zinc oxide

Synonyms                kusumanjan, pushpaketu, ritipushpaka, koustubha, ritija

Physical properties

Melting point        419 to 930 degree calcious

 History

It is a controversial Dravya.

Acc. To charka:

as its name indicates it is derived from the pushpa that’s why it is pushpanjanam.

Acc. To RRS

It is white in colour and useful for the netra-chikitsa

 Acc.atreya samhita

Pushpakasis also called nnayan-aushdham which indicating its use on eye diseases.and also its appearance resembles as pushpanjanam.

Ayurved prakasha

Ritti-kitta is pushpanjana riti is pittal (brass) it is alloy of Cu and Zn.

Some copper compounds like copper sulphates are useful to eye diseases

And zinc is directly related to pushpanjana.

Potash alum might be pushpanjanam after shodhana having white coloured appearance and also useful for netra chikitsa

Shiddhinandan Mishra

As a matter of fact, zinc oxide is available naturally which is called zincite,

However, it is considered as Rasaka

Shodhana

no specific shodhana mentioned hence general shodhan method can use bhavna with bhringraja swarsa

 Pharmacological actions

Rasa      lavan           

Guna     snigdha          

Virya       shita        

Karma        all types of netr rogas, hikka, vishajanya roga

Rasanjana

Vernacular name

Sanskrit               Rasanjanam            

Hindi                     rasanjana

Synonyms               rasa-garbham,raso-udbhava, takshrya, balbhishja,

                                     taksharya-shialum

present time: it is the concentrated kwatha of Daruhridra kashtha

preparation (ayurved prakasha)

 take equal quantity of each ingredient daruhridra kwatha , godugdha or aja dugdha now paka of this liquid till 1/4th left.

History

Considered as controversial due to its pryaya (R.T)

Rasa word is use in its name so it should be related with parda compounds

Compound which forms after Dhaman of ritti (pittal) that is rasanjana

Shailja (obtained naturally from the mines)

Kritrim : pitchandna kwathaja or niryasaja

Origin

Utrakhand, Himachal pradesh

 Shodhana

By bhavna of each Dravya’s swarasa of  suryavarti yoga (suryavartaka, kadali, koshataki, shugru,nirkana, bandhya, bajar kanda, kakmachi)  it will become shudha

  Pharmacological actions

Rasa      Madhur, tikta, katu    

Guna     shita          

Virya       shita

vipaka      madhura

Karma    swasa roga , vatrakta , and netra roga

 Pramukha yoga of Anjana

Pushya-nuga churna

Piyushvalli

Pannag-asava

Chandanadi churna